EVIDENCE REFERENCE

Published by the Commonwealth of Humanity Tribunal on Crimes Against Humanity
Date: May 4, 2026

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This page documents evidence underlying the charges in the Indictment. It is organized by conflict and charge category. Claims are graded per the Commonwealth's evidentiary procedure: [A] primary or near-primary source; [B] credible secondary source with substantial corroboration; [SI] strongly inferred from converging evidence and documented pattern.

This is a living document. It is not yet complete. Gaps are labeled. The Commonwealth's procedure requires chain-of-custody records and direct source archiving before any section is treated as a finished dossier.

Section I: Gaza -- Ongoing Genocide and War Crimes Against Children

Child Casualties -- Killed and Maimed

[A] As of October 7, 2024 -- one year into the war -- the Gaza Ministry of Health had documented the identities of 13,319 children among 40,717 confirmed and fully identified fatalities. Of those child deaths, 786 were infants under one year of age. An estimated 35,055 children had lost one or both parents over the same period.
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), citing Gaza Ministry of Health, via UNRWA Situation Report #154, January 2025.

[A] By May 2025, UNICEF reported that more than 50,000 children had been killed or injured since October 2023. In a 72-hour period in late May 2025, two documented attacks killed at least 18 children in a school in Gaza City and 9 of 10 siblings under age 12 in Khan Younis. UNICEF Executive Director stated: "Since the end of the ceasefire on 18 March, 1,309 children have reportedly been killed and 3,738 injured."
Source: UNICEF press release, May 27, 2025. unicef.org

[B] Independent academic analysis published in 2025, incorporating indirect mortality ratios from conflict research, estimated that total child deaths under age 15 could range from 59,000 (medium projection) to 148,000 (high projection) when accounting for deaths caused by starvation, disease, and destruction of medical infrastructure -- factors documented but not captured in direct-kill figures alone.
Source: Granich et al., SAGE Journals, 2025. Peer-reviewed.

[A] Gaza has become, in the documented assessment of Save the Children, "home to the largest cohort of child amputees in modern history." An average of 475 children suffered lifelong disabilities per month throughout 2024.
Source: Save the Children, 2025 report, cited by UN News, November 2025.

Starvation as a Method of Warfare

[A] The ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I found, on November 21, 2024, that there are reasonable grounds to believe Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant "intentionally and knowingly deprived the civilian population in Gaza of objects indispensable to their survival, including food, water, and medicine and medical supplies, as well as fuel and electricity, from at least 8 October 2023 to 20 May 2024." The Chamber found this constituted the war crime of starvation as a method of warfare, and that deaths resulted, including deaths of children due to malnutrition and dehydration.
Source: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I, official press release, November 21, 2024. icc-cpi.int

[A] Arrest warrants were issued by the ICC for Netanyahu and Gallant on November 21, 2024, for war crimes and crimes against humanity including murder, persecution, and other inhumane acts. All 125 ICC member states are legally required to arrest and surrender them if they enter their territory. The United States, not a member of the ICC, is not bound by this obligation and has taken no action.
Source: ICC official record. icc-cpi.int

[A] OCHA documented that between October 2023 and January 2025, 70% of coordinated UN humanitarian aid missions to Rafah governorate were denied by Israeli authorities -- the highest denial rate recorded in six months. Between December 1 and 30, 36 of 38 coordinated requests were denied outright.
Source: UNRWA Situation Report #154, January 2025.

[A] Food prices in Gaza increased more than 1,000% compared to pre-war baselines by late 2024. A chicken cost $25. One documented mother reported dividing a single apple among four children. The World Food Programme confirmed near-total collapse of normal food market access.
Source: WFP and UNRWA Situation Report #154, January 2025.

Attacks on Medical Infrastructure

[A] Between October 7, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) documented 136 strikes impacting hospitals and other health facilities.
Source: OHCHR report, cited in UNRWA Situation Report #154.

[A] 496 medical personnel were killed in Gaza through mid-2024, per the Gaza Ministry of Health.
Source: Gaza Ministry of Health, cited by NPR/OCHA, May 2024.

Attacks on Education

[A] As of October 2024, more than 658,760 school children in Gaza had lost access to regular full-time education. One full year of classroom learning had been lost and education was projected to be set back by up to five years. Schools had been repeatedly struck and were being used as displacement shelters while continuing to be targeted.
Source: UNICEF, "A Year of Tears," October 7, 2024.

Section II: United States Congress -- Documented Votes and Arms Transfers

H.R. 8034 -- Israel Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024

[A] On April 20, 2024, the U.S. House of Representatives passed H.R. 8034, the Israel Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, by a vote of 366 to 58. The bill appropriated $14.1 billion in direct military assistance to Israel, designated as emergency spending and exempt from normal budget limits. The full roll call is publicly available at clerk.house.gov.
Source: House Clerk Roll Call #152, April 20, 2024. clerk.house.gov

[A] The combined supplemental package (P.L. 118-50) that included H.R. 8034 totaled approximately $26 billion for Israel, including $3.5 billion in Foreign Military Financing (FMF). The Senate passed the package with near-unanimous support. Senator Bernie Sanders introduced two amendments -- one to remove offensive military aid and one to restore UNRWA funding -- both of which failed. No Democrats joined Sanders in supporting either amendment.
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) R48289, updated July 2025. congress.gov

FY2024 Consolidated Appropriations -- UNRWA Defunding

[A] The FY2024 consolidated appropriations bill (P.L. 118-47) included a provision (Division A, Title III, Section 308) prohibiting any U.S. funds from being paid to UNRWA -- the primary UN humanitarian agency operating in Gaza. This cut off funding to the agency providing the majority of food, healthcare, and shelter services to Gaza's civilian population, including children, during an active military operation.
Source: CRS R48289. Congress.gov.

Trump Administration Arms Transfers, 2025

[A] On January 26, 2025, President Trump released a shipment of 1,800 MK-84 2,000-pound bombs to Israel that the Biden administration had paused due to concern about their use in densely populated areas. The same week, the State Department exempted Israel from a broader foreign aid freeze.
Source: Reuters, January 26, 2025; New York Times, January 25, 2025. Confirmed by CRS RL33222.

[A] On February 7, 2025, the Trump administration formally notified Congress of four arms sales to Israel totaling $8.4 billion, including $6.75 billion for precision-guided and unguided munitions and guidance conversion kits -- the largest single munitions sale to Israel since 2015. The package included guidance kits for MK-84 2,000-pound bombs, MK-82 500-pound bombs, BLU-109 bunker buster bombs, AMRAAM and Hellfire missiles, and 155mm artillery rounds.
Source: Defense Security Cooperation Agency Transmittal No. 24-13; CRS RL33222, confirmed May 2025.

[A] On February 28, 2025, the Trump administration declared a national security "emergency" under the Arms Export Control Act to bypass Congressional review on four additional arms sales to Israel totaling nearly $4 billion, including Caterpillar D9 bulldozers used to demolish Palestinian homes and civilian infrastructure.
Source: CRS RL33222; multiple sourced press reports confirmed by Congressional record.

[A] As of May 27, 2025, Israel had received 800 planeloads of U.S. guns, bombs, and ammunition since the start of the war.
Source: Times of Israel, May 27, 2025, cited in CRS RL33222.

Section III: Yemen -- War Crimes Against Children, Saudi Coalition, U.S. and U.K. Complicity

Children Killed and Maimed

[A] More than 19,200 civilians, including over 2,300 children, have been killed or maimed as a direct result of Saudi Arabia and UAE-led coalition airstrikes alone, over the course of the conflict beginning in 2015. The conflict has displaced at least 4 million people.
Source: Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, citing UN figures, updated March 2026. globalr2p.org

[A] Between 2021 and 2023, the UN verified 5,539 grave violations against 2,422 children in Yemen, including 1,941 instances of killing and maiming, 564 instances of recruitment and use of children as soldiers, 118 attacks on schools and hospitals, 64 abductions, and 46 cases of rape and other sexual violence. Explosive ordnance accounted for 69% of child casualties.
Source: UN Secretary-General's 2025 annual report on Children and Armed Conflict (CAAC), S/2025/113. watchlist.org

[A] As of 2025, 9.8 million children in Yemen require humanitarian assistance. The conflict has destroyed schools and hospitals and weaponized water access. Many children have been forced to drop out of school to carry water for their families.
Source: Human Rights Watch World Report 2025, Yemen chapter. hrw.org

U.S. and U.K. Arms Sales and Complicity

[A] A 2019 UN report found that the United States, United Kingdom, and France may be complicit in war crimes in Yemen by selling weapons to the Saudi-led coalition, which used deliberate starvation of civilians as a tactic of warfare. A 2020 UN report further found that the UK, Canada, France, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and the United States prolonged the conflict by continued arms supply.
Source: UN Group of Eminent Experts (GEE) on Yemen, 2019 and 2020 reports. Cited by Human Rights Watch and Wikipedia summary of Yemen war crimes.

[A] Amnesty International published evidence that the Saudi-led coalition used UK-manufactured cluster munitions in northern Yemen, as well as US and Brazilian cluster munitions. The use of cluster munitions in populated areas violates international humanitarian law.
Source: Amnesty International, cited in Amnesty UK, "Yemen: UN has caved in to pressure."

[A] Saudi border guards killed hundreds of Ethiopian migrants and asylum seekers attempting to cross the Yemen-Saudi border between March 2022 and June 2023. Human Rights Watch concluded these killings, if part of a government policy, would constitute crimes against humanity. The killings appear to have continued.
Source: Human Rights Watch, August 2023; confirmed in HRW World Reports 2025 and 2026.

Section IV: Gaps and Ongoing Work

As of publication date, this reference document does not yet cover the following conflicts and charges in adequate detail. These are listed here so that the gaps are visible and can be prioritized:

The Commonwealth invites community journalists and investigators to contribute documented evidence to fill these gaps, per the standards on the Procedure page.